The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season is forecast to be less active than a year ago with the number of named storms and hurricanes near historical averages, according to an outlook released Monday by The Weather Company.
The outlook cited that the potential development of El Niño later this summer along with current and forecast sea-surface temperature anomalies played a role in their forecast for a near-average season.
But there remains plenty of uncertainty regarding El Niño's possible development, and therefore, how much of an effect it could have on the hurricane season.
"If El Niño fails to launch, we may be too low with our numbers," said Dr. Todd Crawford, chief meteorologist with The Weather Company.
The official Atlantic hurricane season begins June 1 and runs through Nov. 30. Occasionally storms can form outside those months as happened last season with January's
Hurricane Alex and late May's
Tropical Storm Bonnie.
Arlene will be the name given to the first Atlantic tropical storm that develops in 2017.
Here are three questions about what these outlooks mean.
Q: What Does This Mean For the U.S.?
There is no strong correlation between the number of storms or hurricanes and U.S. landfalls in any given season. One or more of the 12 named storms forecast to develop this season could hit the U.S., or none at all. Therefore, residents of the coastal United States should prepare each year no matter the forecast.
A couple of classic examples of why you need to be prepared each year occurred in 1992 and 1983.
The 1992 season produced only six named storms and one subtropical storm. However, one of those named storms was Hurricane Andrew, which devastated South Florida as a Category 5 hurricane.
In 1983 there were only four named storms, but one of them was
Alicia. The Category 3 hurricane hit the Houston-Galveston area and caused almost as many direct fatalities there as Andrew did in South Florida.
In contrast, the 2010 season was active. There were 19 named storms and 12 hurricanes that formed in the Atlantic Basin.
Despite the large number of storms that year, not a single hurricane and only one tropical storm made landfall in the United States.
In other words, a season can deliver many storms, but have little impact, or deliver few storms and have one or more hitting the U.S. coast with major impact.
In 2016, five named storms impacted the Southeast U.S. coast, most notably the powerful scraping of the coast from
Hurricane Matthew, and its subsequent inland rainfall flooding.
Prior to that, the number of U.S. landfalls had been well below average over the previous 10 years.
The 10-year running total of U.S. hurricane landfalls from 2006 through 2015 was seven, according to
Alex Lamers, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service. This was a record low for any 10-year period dating to 1850, considerably lower than the average of 17 per 10-year period dating to 1850,
Lamers added.
Of course, the record-breaking 2005 hurricane season was outside that current 10-year running total. It was also the last season we saw a Category 3 or stronger hurricane (Wilma) hit the U.S., the longest such streak dating to the mid-19th century.
The bottom line is that it's impossible to know for certain if a U.S. hurricane strike, or multiple strikes, will occur this season. Keep in mind, however, that even a weak tropical storm hitting the U.S. can cause major impacts, particularly if it moves slowly, resulting in flooding rainfall.
Q: Will El Niño play a role?
As mentioned earlier, El Niño could return at some point during the 2017 hurricane season, but there remains plenty of uncertainty regarding that.
This periodic warming of the central and eastern equatorial waters of the Pacific Ocean tends to produce areas of stronger wind shear (the change in wind speed with height) and sinking air in parts of the Atlantic Basin that is hostile to either the development or maintenance of tropical cyclones.
Crawford said in The Weather Company hurricane season forecast that the latter portion of the season could be less active if El Niño conditions develop. But it's unclear how much and how soon any type of atmospheric response there would be if El Niño did materialize.
"Current SST (sea-surface temperature) anomalies in the Nino 1+2 region are some of the warmest ever observed," wrote Klotzbach.
"These warm SST anomalies off the west coast of South America may be a harbinger of a developing El Niño event." Klotzbach also cautions there is considerable uncertainty regarding the eventual strength of El Niño, assuming it even occurs.
Strong wind shear near the Caribbean Sea and other parts of the Atlantic Basin contributed to the eventual demise of five named storms during the heart of the 2015 season.
Klotzbach found that June through October 2015 Caribbean wind shear was the highest on record dating to 1979. Klotzbach also said the magnitude of dry air over the Caribbean Sea in the peak season month of August and September also set a record.
Q: Any Other Factors in Play?
Dry air and wind shear can be detrimental to tropical storm or hurricane development no matter whether El Niño is present or not.
The
2013 and
2014 seasons featured prohibitive dry air and/or wind shear during a significant part of the season, but El Niño was nowhere to be found.
Klotzbach also said the northern Atlantic Ocean has water temperatures that are colder than average, and tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperatures have also cooled, both of which can cause atmospheric conditions to be unfavorable for the development and strengthening of Atlantic hurricanes.
Sea-surface temperature anomalies could trend upwards though as we head into hurricane season due to a change in the weather pattern near the north Atlantic Ocean from late-April into May, according to The Weather Company outlook.
"The possibility of an extended period of North Atlantic blocking suggests that tropical SST anomalies might increase a bit," Crawford said.
